Communist Party of China

Communist Party of China 中国共产党 Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng
General Secretary	Hu Jintao
Standing Committee	Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang He Guoqiang, Zhou Yongkang
Founded	July 1, 1921 (1st Party Congress) August, 1920 (de facto)
Headquarters	Zhongnanhai, Beijing
Membership  (2009)	77,995,000
Ideology	communism, socialism with Chinese characteristics
Website
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The Communist Party of China (CPC), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and the ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is the world's largest political party.^[1]

The legal power of the Communist Party is enshrined in the the PRC constitution^[2]and its position as the supreme political authority in the PRC is realized through its control of all state and legislative processes.^[3]

The Communist Party of China was founded in May 1921 in Shanghai, and came to rule all of mainland China in 1949 after defeating its rival the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War. The CPC claimed nearly 78 million members^[4] at the end of 2009 which constitutes about 5.6% of the total population of mainland China.

Organization

The party's organizational structure was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and rebuilt afterwards by Deng Xiaoping, who subsequently initiated "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and brought all state apparatuses back under the rule of the CPC.

Theoretically, the party's highest body is the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which meets at least once every five years. The primary organization of power in the Communist Party which is detailed in the party constitution include:

• Central Committee, which includes:
  • The Politburo Standing Committee, which currently consists of nine members; see current members of the Politburo Standing Committee for a complete list.
  • The Politburo, consisting of 24 full members (including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee) and one alternate; see current members of the Politburo for a complete list.
  • The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CPC, headed by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China;
  • The Central Military Commission (a parallel organization of the government institution of the same name);
• The Central Discipline Inspection Commission, which is directly under the National Congress and on the same level with the Central Committee, charged with rooting out corruption and malfeasance among party cadres.

Other central organizations include:

• General Office^[5]
• Central Organization Department;
• Propaganda Department
• International Liaison Department; and
• United Front Department

In addition, there are numerous commissions and leading groups, the most important of which are:

• Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee
• Work Committee for Organs under the Central Committee
• Work Committee for Central Government Organs
• Central Financial and Economic Leading Group
• Central Leading Group for Rural Work
• Central Leading Group for Party Building
• Central Foreign Affairs Leading Group
• Central Taiwan Affairs Leading Group
• Commission for Protection of Party Secrets
• Leading Group for State Security
• Party History Research Centre
• Party Research Center
• Central Party School

Every five years, the Communist Party of China holds a National Congress. The latest happened on October 19, 2005. Formally, the Congress serves two functions: to approve changes to the Party constitution regarding policy and to elect a Central Committee, about 300 strong. The Central Committee in turn elects the Politburo. In practice, positions within the Central Committee and Politburo are determined before a Party Congress, and the main purpose of the Congress is to announce the party policies and vision for the direction of China in the following few years.

The party's central focus of power is the Politburo Standing Committee. The process for selecting Standing Committee members, as well as Politburo members, occurs behind the scenes in a process parallel to the National Congress. The new power structure is announced obliquely through the positioning of portraits in the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Party. The number of Standing Committee members varies and has tended to increase over time. The Committee was expanded to nine at the 16th Party National Congress in 2009.

There are two other key organs of political power in the People's Republic of China: the formal government and the People's Liberation Army.

There are, in addition to decision-making roles, advisory committees, including the People's Political Consultative Conference. During the 1980s and 1990s there was a Central Advisory Commission established by Deng Xiaoping which consisted of senior retired leaders, but with their passing this has been abolished since 1990.

Internal or external groupings

The flag of the Communist Party of China

Political scientists have identified two groupings within the Communist Party^[6] leading to a structure which has been called "one party, two factions".^[7] The first is the "elitist coalition" or Shanghai clique which contains mainly officials who have risen from the more prosperous provinces. The second is the "populist coalition" or "Youth League faction" which consists mainly of officials who have risen from the rural interior, through the Communist Youth League. The interaction between these two factions is largely complementary with each faction possessing a particular expertise and both committed to the continued rule of the Communist Party and not allowing intra-party factional politics threaten party unity. It has been noted that party and government positions have been assigned to create a very careful balance between these two groupings.

Within his "one party, two factions" model, Li Chen has noted that one should avoid labeling these two groupings with simplistic ideological labels, and that these two groupings do not act in a zero-sum, winner take all fashion. Neither group has the ability or will to dominate the other completely.^[8]

Membership

The party was small at first, but grew intermittently through the 1920s. Twelve voting delegates were seated at the 1st National Party Congress in 1921, as well as at the 2nd (in 1922), when they represented 195 party members. By 1923, the 420 members were represented by 30 delegates. The 1925 4th Congress had 20 delegates representing 994 members; then real growth kicked in. The 5th Congress (held in April-May 1927 as the KMT was cracking down on communists) comprised 80 voting delegates representing 57,968 members.

It was at October 3, 1928 6th Congress that the now-familiar ‘full’ and ‘alternate’ structure originated, with 84 and 34 delegates, respectively. Membership was estimated at 40,000. In 1945, the 7th Congress had 547 full and 208 alternate delegates representing 1.21 million members, a ratio of one representative per 1,600 members as compared to 1:725 in 1927.

After the Party defeated the Nationalists, participation at National Party Congresses became much less representative. Each of the 1026 full and 107 alternate members represented 9,470 party members (10.73 million in total) at the 1956 8th Congress. Subsequent congresses held the number of participants down despite membership growing to more than 60 million by 2000.^[9]

History

Location of the first Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in July 1921, in Xintiandi, former French Concession, Shanghai.

Criticism and support

Opinions about the Communist Party of China often create unexpected political alliances and divisions, comparable, e.g.: to divisions among conservatives in the United States. Many of the unexpected opinions about the CPC result from its rare combination of attributes as a party formally based on Marxism which has eventually overseen a market economy, yet maintains an authoritarian political system.

Critics

• Trotskyists argue that the party was doomed to its present character, that of petty-bourgeois nationalism in the 1920s, because of the near-annihilation of the workers' movement in the KMT betrayal of 1927, which was made possible by Stalin's order that the Communists join with the KMT in a centrist coalition, effectively disarming it, which opportunity the KMT swiftly exploited to defeat the communist revolution.^[10] This slaughter forced the tiny surviving Party to switch from a workers' union- to a peasant, guerrilla-based organization, and to seek the aid of the most heterodox sources: from "patriotic capitalists" to the dreaded KMT itself, with which it openly sought to participate in a coalition government, even after the Japanese general surrender in 1945.^[11] Chinese Trotskyists from Chen Duxiu onward have called for a political revolution against what they see as an opportunist, capitalist leadership of the CPC.

• Maoists and other 'anti-revisionists' viciously attack the changes after Mao Zedong's death, calling them the precise "capitalist road" Mao had pledged to fight during the early existence of the PRC. They do not hold any allegiance to the CPC. An example of a well-known group, until recently armed, that looks to Mao's principles is the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) who the current CPC has publicly opposed. Also, some Maoist groupings attack even some of the shifts and changes that occurred while Mao was still alive and in leadership, like his 1972 welcoming of Richard Nixon (see lesser evil for more on this event).

• The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 represented a controversial point in criticism of the Chinese Communist Party by Chinese students within China.^[12]

• Supporters of the Tibetan independence movement, Falun Gong, Taiwan independence, East Turkestan independence movement, neoconservatives in the United States and Japan, international human rights groups, proponents of civil liberties and freedom of expression, advocates of democracy, anarchists, along with many democratic and anti-authoritarian left-wing forces in those same countries and some within the Republic of China (Taiwan), are among the groups which have opposed the PRC government because it is said to be a repressive single-party state regime.

• Some of the opponents of the Party within the Chinese democracy movement have tended not to argue that a strong Chinese state is inherently bad, but rather that the Communist leadership is corrupt. The Chinese New Left, meanwhile, is a current within China that seeks to "revert China to the socialist road" – i.e., to return China to the socialist system that existed before Deng Xiaoping's reforms.

Self-criticism

Leaders of the communist Party of China are aware that there are serious problems with corruption and with maintaining the trust of the Chinese people. However, attempts made in closed-door sessions at Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Communist Party of China Central Committee in September 2009 to grapple with these problems produced inconclusive results although a directive which requires disclosure of investments and property holdings by party and governmental officials was passed.^[13]

Supporters

• Another school of thought argues that the worst of the abuses took place decades ago, and that the current leaders were not only unconnected with them, but were actually victims of that era. They have also argued that, while the modern Communist Party may be flawed, it is comparatively better than previous regimes, with respect to improving the general standard of living, than any other government that has governed China in the past century and can be seen in a more favorable light compared with most governments of the developing nations. As a result, the CPC has recently taken sweeping measures to regain support from the countryside, with limited success.

• In addition, some scholars contend that China has never operated under a decentralized democratic regime in its several thousand years of history, and therefore it can be argued that the present structure, albeit not up to western moral standards, is the best possible option when compared to its alternatives. A sudden transition to democracy, they contend, would result in the economic and political upheaval that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1990s, and that by focusing on economic growth, China is setting the stage for a more gradual but sustainable transition to a more liberal system. This group sees Mainland China as being similar to Spain in the 1960s, and South Korea and Republic of China (Taiwan) during the 1970s. This school of thought also brings together some unlikely political allies. Not only do most intellectuals within the Chinese government follow this school of thinking, but it is also the common belief held amongst pro-free trade liberals in the West.

• Many observers from both within and outside of China have argued that the CCP has taken gradual steps towards democracy and transparency, hence arguing that it is best to give it time and room to evolve into a better government rather than forcing an abrupt change.^[14] However, other observers (like Minxin Pei) question whether these steps are genuine efforts towards democratic reform or disingenuous measures by the CCP to retain power.^[15]

Current leadership

The Members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China are:

1. Hu Jintao: General Secretary of the CPC, President of the PRC, Chairman of the Central Military Commission.
2. Wu Bangguo: Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
3. Wen Jiabao: Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
4. Jia Qinglin: Chairman of the People's Political Consultative Conference
5. Li Changchun: "Propaganda Chief"
6. Xi Jinping: Top-ranked Secretary of CPC Secretariat, Vice President of the People's Republic of China
7. Li Keqiang: Executive Vice Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
8. He Guoqiang: Secretary of Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
9. Zhou Yongkang: Secretary of Political and Legislative Affairs Committee

Members of the Politburo of the CPC Central committee:

Wang Lequan, Wang Zhaoguo, Hui Liangyu, Liu Qi, Liu Yunshan, Li Changchun, Wu Yi, Wu Bangguo, Wu Guanzheng, Zhang Lichang, Zhang Dejiang, Luo Gan, Zhou Yongkang, Hu Jintao, Yu Zhengsheng, He Guoqiang, Jia Qinglin, Guo Boxiong, Cao Gangchuan, Zeng Qinghong, Zeng Peiyan, Wen Jiabao.

Alternate member of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee: Wang Gang

Members of Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee: Zeng Qinghong, Liu Yunshan, Zhou Yongkang, He Guoqiang, Wang Gang, Xu Caihou, He Yong.

Leaders

Between 1921 and 1943 the Communist Party of China was headed by the General Secretary:

• Chen Duxiu, General Secretary 1921–1922 and 1925–1927
• Qu Qiubai, General Secretary 1927–1928
• Xiang Zhongfa, General Secretary 1928–1931
• Li Lisan, acting General Secretary 1929–1930
• Wang Ming, acting General Secretary 1931
• Bo Gu, a.k.a. Qin Bangxian, acting General Secretary 1932–1935
• Zhang Wentian a.k.a. Luo Fu, acting General Secretary 1935–1943

In 1943 the position of Chairman of the Communist Party of China was created.

• Mao Zedong, Chairman 1943–1976
• Hua Guofeng, Chairman 1976–1981
• Hu Yaobang, Chairman 1981–1982

In 1982, the post of Chairman was abolished, and the General Secretary, at this time held by the same man as the post of Chairman, once again became the supreme office of the Party.

• Hu Yaobang, General Secretary 1982–1987
• Zhao Ziyang, General Secretary 1987–1989
• Jiang Zemin, General Secretary 1989–2002
• Hu Jintao, General Secretary since 2002

See also

• Anarchism in China
• Chinese intelligence operations in the United States
• Chinese Socialist Democracy
• Government of the People's Republic of China
• Factions: Tuanpai, Crown Prince Party, Shanghai clique, Tsinghua clique

General:

• Maoism
• Marxism

Lists:

• List of communist parties
• List of political parties in the PRC

References

External links

• Official News of the Communist Party of China
• Official newspaper
• Join the Party - slideshow by The First Post
• The Communist Party of China—Council on Foreign Relations
• "A Struggle Within the Chinese Communist Party"—Monthly Review article from May 2002

Links to related articles Warlord era in early Republic of China (1916–1930) Main events (1916–1920) Main events (1920–1930) Northern Factions Southern Factions Empire of China (1915–1916) National Protection War (1915–1916) Death of Yuan Shikai (1916) Manchu Restoration (1917) Constitutional Protection Movement (1917–1922) Siberian Intervention (1918–1920) Paris Peace Conference (1919) May Fourth Movement (1919) Occupation of Mongolia (1919–1921) Zhili–Anhui War (1920) Guangdong–Guangxi War (1920–1921) First Zhili–Fengtian War (1922) Second Zhili–Fengtian War (1924) Beijing coup (1924) Yunnan–Guangxi War (1925) May 30 Movement (1925) Anti–Fengtian War (1925–1926) Northern Expedition (1926–1928) Huánggūtun Incident (1928) Flag Replacement of the Northeast (1928) Central Plains War (1930) Beiyang Army: Yuan Shikai Anhui clique Zhili clique Regional: Fengtian clique Shanxi clique Guominjun Ma clique Xinjiang clique Yunnan clique Old Guangxi clique New Guangxi clique Guangdong clique 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